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    Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting & Time-Restricted Eating

    Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting & Time-Restricted Eating

    Intermittent fasting (IF) means fasting for a significant portion of the day (for example, 16 hours) and eating your daily food during the remaining window (for example, 8 hours). Intermittent fasting is closely related to time-restricted eating/feeding (TRF), where the main focus is shortening the daily eating window. In intermittent fasting, the focus is on fasting and its associated health effects, such as increased fat burn, keto-adaptation and autophagy. Intermittent fasting often includes cutting daily calories, whereas time-restricted feeding does not. Currently, however, these two terms are often used synonymously.

    The time of day when food is eaten affects body weight and composition, glucose and fat metabolism, gut microbiota, cardiovascular function, inflammation, oxidative stress, sleep, brain performance, and overall health. Time-restricted eating (e.g. eating only during certain hours of the day, but not cutting off from calories) helps the body to maintain healthy daily rhythms in sleep, metabolizing food and hormonal function. The recommendation is to restrict the feeding window to a minimum of 8–10 hours – less is even better.

    Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting & Time-Restricted

    In the study of Dr. Satchin Panda people’s eating patterns were monitored with smartphones. It was found out that the majority of adults eat for 15 hours or longer every day (including snacks). This contradicts the natural eating rhythms of humans and also the common belief that an ordinary eating window of an adult would last approximately 12 hours and include 3 meals. With the increased scientific knowledge in IF and TRF and their various benefits for fitness and health, people are now shifting back to more natural eating rhythms and giving up from snacking between meals. Eating rhythms are often habitual. The habit of more natural eating can be practiced with the IF protocol.

    Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting & Time-Restricted

    Image: Health benefits of time-restricted feeding.

    Source: Chaix, A. & Manoogian, E. & Melkani, G. & Panda, S. (2019). Time-Restricted Eating to Prevent and Manage Chronic Metabolic Diseases. Annual Review of Nutrition 39 (1): 291–315.

    The concept of intermittent fasting counters the trend of “six small meals a day” promoted by the food industry and fitness culture of today. Grazing or snacking is often claimed to activate the metabolism and make weight management easier. However, no scientific basis has been found for such claims. In fact, metabolism actually increases after a 36-hour fast and decreases only after 72 hours of fasting.

    Intermittent fasting also helps to reduce calorie consumption when the goal is to lose weight, control blood sugar, or remove waste products from the body (autophagy). In practice, intermittent fasting works well as it allows for the consumption of satisfying meals during the eating window while maintaining a moderate overall energy intake.

    Easiest way to do Intermittent Fasting or Time-Restricted eating

    The simplest way to implement IF or TRF is to extend the overnight fast by skipping breakfast and enjoying the first meal of the day in the afternoon. This is also called “late time-restricted feeding”. On the contrary, “early time-restricted eating” means skipping dinner and eating only in the morning and afternoon. Biologically, skipping breakfast is quite natural since the internal circadian clock increases hunger and appetite in the evening independent of food intake and other behaviors. However, according to a large systematic review, both kinds of eating protocols have similar beneficial metabolic effects such as better glycemic control and hunger suppression.  

    Skipping dinner might be more difficult to adopt because it is less aligned with the social schedule. Also if your main goal is to optimize brain performance and have stable blood glucose levels throughout the day, then skipping breakfast may be the optimal choice for you especially if you are in ketosis.

    Benefits and disadvantages of early and late time-restricted eating patterns

    Method

    Feeding window

    Benefits

    Disadvantages

    Early time-restricted feeding

    • Better circadian rhythm synchronization
    • Better blood glucose regulation
    • Easier digestion and longer fasting period in the night
    • Activated autophagy
    • Harder to fall asleep for many individuals
    • Socially challenging
    • Harder to adjust optimal daily calorie intake

    Late time-restricted feeding

    • The recommendation is to restrict feeding window to a minimum of 8–10 hours – less is even better
    • 4 PM – 10 PM (6-hour eating window)
    • Easier to achieve wanted calorie restriction and therefore weight-loss
    • Fat-burning very active throughout the day
    • Socially easier (e.g. dinner with family)
    • Activated autophagy
    • When eating too late it can disrupt sleep architecture and stress gastrointestinal system
    • For some people, it can disrupt optimal blood sugar regulation

     

     

    Intermittent fasting, sleep and circadian rhythms

    Intermittent fasting can also support sleep health and circadian rhythms. The consumption of food (particularly carbohydrates) in the evening significantly reduces the levels of stress hormones and promotes sleep as well as stabilizes the secretion of “hunger hormones” including leptin, ghrelin and adiponectin (burning fat). Intermittent fasting (and calorie restriction) may also help in regulating circadian rhythms of the body by balancing the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain. Circadian rhythms are biological ~24-h rhythms for example in sleep, metabolism and body temperature. They are regulated by clock genes, lifestyle and exposure to sunlight.

    Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting & Time-Restricted

    Image: Regulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).

    SourceFroy, O. (2007). The relationship between nutrition and circadian rhythms in mammals. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 28 (2–3): 61–71. Review.

    N.b. Intermittent fasting (or fasting) is not generally recommended for individuals who are under 18 years of age, pregnant, breastfeeding, severely fatigued or suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome.

    Metabolic switching maximizes the benefits of IF

    To fully maximize brain health benefits of intermittent fasting (IF), it is also important to activate ketogenesis in the body. This means that cells start utilizing ketone bodies as the main energy source instead of burning glucose. This process is also called intermittent metabolic switching (IMS). The most commonly employed IMS protocols based on animal studies include intermittent fasting (IF), alternate-day fasting (ADF) and daily time-restricted feeding (TRF). Some people also use exogenous ketone supplements or ketogenic diet (very high fat & low carb -diet) to increase metabolic flexibility in the body.

    Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting & Time-Restricted

    Image: Biochemical pathways involved in the metabolic switch.

    Source:  Mattson, M. & Moehl, K. & Ghena, N. & Schmaedick, M. & Cheng, A. (2018). Intermittent metabolic switching, neuroplasticity and brain health. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19 (2): 63–80. 

    G-to-K switch (Glucose-to-Ketones) 

    K-to-G switch (Ketones-to-Glucose) 

    • Cells switch back to using glucose as the main energy source instead of fatty acids and ketones
    • Happens when you consume food after a fast (unless you are following the ketogenic diet) 

    Intermittent fasting (IF) benefits on brain health and performance

    Summary:

    • Intermittent fasting is fairly easy to do and suits almost everyone
    • The health benefits of diminishing eating window are also independent of caloric intake 
    • Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating are almost synonymous; you can choose between early or late time-restricted eating
    • Intermittent fasting preserves muscle, improves brain health, counters fatty liver, reduces heart aging, prevents brown adipose cell whitening, blocks white adipose cell hypertrophy and maintains gut integrity
    • Intermittent fasting helps balance circiadian rhythms and can improve sleep quality
    • Intermittent fasting helps to achieve metabolic flexibility easier and improves fat burning
    • IF may extend lifespan

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    This is an excerpt of the forthcoming Biohacker's Brain Nutrition e-book by Dr. Olli Sovijärvi & M.Psych. Inka Immonen. Stay tuned for more information!

    comment 1 комментарий

    S
    Sannel calendar_today

    Of course I would ike to take a try. We used to say that there is no need to fast while you are young, but I did not agree with that. Furthermore. I imagined a 1-2 or even 3 day fast once a year to suffice, but I have a feeling that it might not be so. In any way, I think skipping breakfast would allow for a long intermittent fasting period. I wonder if coffee would be allowed. with milk, no sugar. Also, does this become a lifestyle or a “ritualistic” activity that you perform when you feel the need? Thank you.

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